ccna prepration – CCNA training CCIE training

640-811 Q & A / Study Guide / Testing Engine / Training Video

Posted on February 4, 2012 by Lindsay Posted in CCNA, Cisco, Tech

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QUESTION 1
Refer to the exhibit.

How should the FastEthernet0/1 ports on the 2950 model switches that are shown in the exhibit be
configured to allow connectivity between all devices?

A. The ports only need to be connected by a crossover cable.
B. SwitchX (config)# interface fastethernet 0/1
SwitchX (config-if)# switchport mode access
SwitchX (config-if)# switchport access vlan 1
C. SwitchX (config)# interface fastethernet 0/1
SwitchX (config-if)# switchport mode trunk
SwitchX (config-if)# switchport trunk vlan 1
SwitchX (config-if)# switchport trunk vlan 10
SwitchX (config-if)# switchport trunk vlan 20
D. SwitchX(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1
SwitchX(config-if)# switchport mode trunk

Answer: D

Explanation:

QUESTION 2
Refer to the exhibit.

Which two statements are true about interVLAN routing in the topology that is shown in the
exhibit? (Choose two.)

A. Host E and host F use the same IP gateway address.
B. Router1 and Switch2 should be connected via a crossover cable.
C. Router1 will not play a role in communications between host A and host D.
D. The FastEthernet 0/0 interface on Router1 must be configured with subinterfaces.
E. Router1 needs more LAN interfaces to accommodate the VLANs that are shown in the exhibit.
F. The FastEthernet 0/0 interface on Router1 and Switch2 trunk ports must be configured using
the same encapsulation type.

Answer: D,F

Explanation:

QUESTION 3
A department decides to replace its hub with a Catalyst 2950 switch that is no longer needed by
another department. To prepare the switch for installation, the network administrator has erased
the startup configuration and reloaded the switch. However, PCs that are connected to the switch
experience various connectivity problems. What is a possible cause of the problem?

A. The VLAN database was not erased.
B. The management VLAN is disabled.
C. The running configuration should have been erased.
D. The “mode” button was not pressed when the switch was reloaded.
E. The switch was not configured with an IP address or a default gateway.

Answer: A

Explanation:

QUESTION 4
Refer to the exhibit.

Why has this switch not been elected the root bridge for VLAN1?

A. It has more than one interface that is connected to the root network segment.
B. It is running RSTP while the elected root bridge is running 802.1d spanning tree.
C. It has a higher MAC address than the elected root bridge.
D. It has a higher bridge ID than the elected root bridge.

Answer: D

Explanation:

QUESTION 5
Refer to the exhibit.

The following commands are executed on interface fa0/1 of 2950Switch.
2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security
2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1
The Ethernet frame that is shown arrives on interface fa0/1.
What two functions will occur when this frame is received by 2950Switch? (Choose two.)

A. The MAC address table will now have an additional entry of fa0/1 FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.
B. Only host A will be allowed to transmit frames on fa0/1.
C. This frame will be discarded when it is received by 2950Switch.
D. All frames arriving on 2950Switch with a destination of 0000.00aa.aaaa will be forwarded out
fa0/1.
E. Hosts B and C may forward frames out fa0/1 but frames arriving from other switches will not be
forwarded out fa0/1.
F. Only frames from source 0000.00bb.bbbb, the first learned MAC address of 2950Switch, will be
forwarded out fa0/1.

Answer: B,D

Explanation:

QUESTION 6
Which two of these statements regarding RSTP are correct? (Choose two.)

A. RSTP cannot operate with PVST+.
B. RSTP defines new port roles.
C. RSTP defines no new port states.
D. RSTP is a proprietary implementation of IEEE 802.1D STP.
E. RSTP is compatible with the original IEEE 802.1D STP.

Answer: B,E

Explanation:

QUESTION 7
Refer to exhibit.

A network administrator cannot establish a Telnet session with the indicated router. What is the
cause of this failure?

A. A Level 5 password is not set.
B. An ACL is blocking Telnet access.
C. The vty password is missing.
D. The console password is missing.

Answer: C

Explanation:

QUESTION 8
A network administrator needs to configure port security on a switch. Which two statements are
true? (Choose two.)

A. The network administrator can apply port security to dynamic access ports.
B. The network administrator can apply port security to EtherChannels.
C. When dynamic MAC address learning is enabled on an interface, the switch can learn new
addresses, up to the maximum defined.
D. The sticky learning feature allows the addition of dynamically learned addresses to the running
configuration.
E. The network administrator can configure static secure or sticky secure MAC addresses in the
voice VLAN.

Answer: C,D

Explanation:

QUESTION 9
What are two characteristics of a switch that is configured as a VTP client? (Choose two.)

A. If a switch that is configured to operate in client mode cannot access a VTP server, then the
switch reverts to transparent mode.
B. On switches that are configured to operate in client mode, VLANs can be created, deleted, or
renamed locally.
C. The local VLAN configuration is updated only when an update that has a higher configuration
revision number is received.
D. VTP advertisements are not forwarded to neighboring switches that are configured in VTP
transparent mode.
E. VTP client is the default VTP mode.
F. When switches in VTP client mode are rebooted, they send a VTP advertisement request to the
VTP servers.

Answer: C,F

Explanation:

QUESTION 10
At which layer of the OSI model is RSTP used to prevent loops?

A. physical
B. data link
C. network
D. transport

Answer: B

Explanation:

QUESTION 1
Refer to the exhibit.

How should the FastEthernet0/1 ports on the 2950 model switches that are shown in the exhibit be
configured to allow connectivity between all devices?

Answer: D

Explanation:

QUESTION 2
Refer to the exhibit.

Which two statements are true about interVLAN routing in the topology that is shown in the
exhibit? (Choose two.)

Answer: D,F

Explanation:

Answer: A

Explanation:

QUESTION 4
Refer to the exhibit.

Why has this switch not been elected the root bridge for VLAN1?

Answer: D

Explanation:

QUESTION 5
Refer to the exhibit.

Answer: B,D

Explanation:

QUESTION 6
Which two of these statements regarding RSTP are correct? (Choose two.)

Answer: B,E

Explanation:

QUESTION 7
Refer to exhibit.

A network administrator cannot establish a Telnet session with the indicated router. What is the
cause of this failure?

A. A Level 5 password is not set.
B. An ACL is blocking Telnet access.
C. The vty password is missing.
D. The console password is missing.

Answer: C

Explanation:

QUESTION 8
A network administrator needs to configure port security on a switch. Which two statements are
true? (Choose two.)

Answer: C,D

Explanation:

QUESTION 9
What are two characteristics of a switch that is configured as a VTP client? (Choose two.)

Answer: C,F

Explanation:

QUESTION 10
At which layer of the OSI model is RSTP used to prevent loops?

A. physical
B. data link
C. network
D. transport

Answer: B

Explanation:

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How Open Source Development Is Becoming More Social

Posted on September 29, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in Amazon, Apple, Career, Cisco, Google, Java, Microsoft, Tech

Most people do not think of software developers as being high on the “social” scale. In fact, the (misinformed) stereotype for a typical developer is that of the introverted geek. But in many ways, particularly with open source developers, this couldn’t be further from the truth.

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Contributing to open source software is a profoundly social activity. Some of open source’s main tenets are collaboration, transparency and meritocracy, which require developers to collaborate and share at a highly productive level. And with over 500,000 open source projects on the Internet, there’s a lot of collaboration going on. It’s clear that by participating in open source communities, developers are engaging in productive social behavior.

While some people may picture open source developers as working quietly and in isolation, the reality is they may work on large projects with a wide community of collaborators. For example, Linux has nearly 10,000 contributors. Others may focus on small, personal projects, which may or may not draw the attention of the larger development community.

But even developers working on small projects are still working with other people. And virtually all new open source projects derive from those projects and the developers that preceded them, creating a vast body of work that accelerates innovation and fuels further collaboration.

Today’s open source developers are contributing to projects in very different ways than just a few years ago. What has changed?
Search + Social Media = Social Development

Two developments — search and social media — have changed the way coders work to create “social development,” a new style of software collaboration. Let’s look first at social media’s influence on it.

Social media’s impact has forced change (some good and some bad) in nearly every sector of the economy — including open source development. While communities such as Slashdot and Stack Overflow provided an early glimpse of social media’s impact on development in the FOSS community and encouraged developers to become more active within these and other communities, the effect took some time to achieve.

Today, it’s not unusual to see enterprise software developers more active in social media circles, even as enterprises themselves are evolving socially. According to a recent study by Forrester, developers are engaging socially; they’re joining communities to connect with experts, seeking answers to business problems and, like many people, networking for career advancement. The figure above shows the leading reasons developers join communities: to connect with thought leaders, gain expertise and engage in high quality discussions.

Web search has also enhanced the importance of social media among open source developers, affecting this new style of development. My company recently commissioned a study with Forrester to investigate the social habits of developers. As shown above, contributors to open source projects turn to online search first for information about development technologies, followed by social sites like networks, forums and other online communities.

Developers also share search results via open source or project forums, communities and more general social media tools like Twitter.

As a result, today’s “social developer,” even if not an employee of a large enterprise, is participating more than ever with enterprises – or more specifically, with developers in those enterprises who are increasingly involved with FOSS communities of various types.

Social development arms corporate developers with a new toolset for producing innovative and high quality software at enterprise scale faster than ever before. This style of development wasn’t possible just a few years ago before search, social media tools and online collaboration tools made it possible to create software using social development techniques. Nevertheless, the evolution has been crucial to the success of businesses and individual developers.

Another pivotal change is the fact that enterprise IT organizations are now discovering the need to “go social” and join communities as a strategy for leveraging and using more open source software, especially mission-critical components. This significant trend reflects the reality that open source use is becoming a competitive requirement. Even within the firewall of an enterprise, the trend toward collaborative development to share best practices, facilitate code reuse, and enhance developer productivity is escalating rapidly.

Other environmental and technical changes have supported the emergence of social development. Communications between project committers — which until recently were conducted through IRC channels and wikis — have expanded with the increased number of social communities. And today more than ever, FOSS developers are actively seeking enterprise adoption of their code.

Another change is the emergence of sites like Ohloh, a free community resource, which was specifically designed to support and encourage social development and to allow developers to give each other kudos (literally). The figure above also lists the contributors for a project called Restlet, a Java REST framework for web developers. Shown on the page are the developer profiles, kudos and code commitments to the project.

While social development isn’t a challenge for Gen Y developers, it still presents management challenges for enterprises, especially larger ones. Moving at web speed and using social tools still requires some adjustment. For example, new college hires expect to be community participants, yet large enterprises may not be comfortable with this level of transparency. Although open source projects are based on the notion of transparency, collaboration and meritocracy, some corporate policies may prohibit or limit this philosophy, just like some corporate cultures may resist the trend toward openness in development.

Social interaction and social development offer tremendous new opportunities for developers and enterprises. The advent of social media tools has changed the nature of community participation as much as search. If you and your organization have not joined the growing number of “social developers,” now is the time to start.

640-816 Exam

Posted on September 26, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in CCNA, Cisco, Tech

QUESTION 1
Which three options can a network administrator utilize by using PPP Layer 2 encapsulation?
(Choose three.)

A. authentication
B. VLAN support
C. compression
D. multilink support

Answer: A,C,D

QUESTION 2
A network administrator is troubleshooting the OSPF configuration of routers R1 and R2. The
routers cannot establish an adjacency relationship on their common Ethernet link. The graphic
shows the output of the show ip ospf interface e0 command for routers R1 and R2. Based on the
information in the graphic, what is the cause of this problem?

A. The hello and dead timers are not configured properly.
B. The OSPF process ID numbers must match.
C. A backup designated router needs to be added to the network
D. The cost on R1 should be set higher.

Answer: A

Explanation:
As can be seen above, the hello interval for R1 has been set to 5 seconds, while it is set to 10 for
R2. Also, the dead interval on R1 is set at 20 seconds while on router CKD2 it is set to 40 seconds.
In order for two routers to establish an OSPF neigh adjacency, the hello and dead timers must
match.

QUESTION 3
Refer to the exhibit. How should the FastEthernet0/1 ports on the 2950 model switches that are
shown in the exhibit be configured to allow connectivity between all devices?

Answer: D

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QUESTION 4
Refer to the exhibit. The following commands are executed on interface fa0/1 of 2950Switch.
2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security
2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
2950Switch(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1
The Ethernet frame that is shown arrives on interface fa0/1. What two functions will occur when
this frame is received by 2950Switch? (Choose two.)

A. The MAC address table will now have an additional entry of fa0/1 FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.
B. This frame will be discarded when it is received by2950Switch.
C. Only host A will be allowed to transmit frames on fa0/1.
D. All frames arriving on2950Switch with a destination of 0000.00aa.aaaa will be forwarded out
fa0/1.

Answer: C,D

Explanation:
The configuration shown here is an example of port security, specifically port security using sticky
addresses. You can use port security with dynamically learned and static MAC addresses to
restrict a port’s ingress traffic by limiting the MAC addresses that are allowed to send traffic into
the port. When you assign secure MAC addresses to a secure port, the port does not forward
ingress traffic that has source addresses outside the group of defined addresses. If you limit the
number of secure MAC addresses to one and assign a single secure MAC address, the device
attached to that port has the full bandwidth of the port.
Port security with sticky MAC addresses provides many of the same benefits as port security with
static MAC addresses, but sticky MAC addresses can be learned dynamically. Port security with
sticky MAC addresses retains dynamically learned MAC addresses during a link-down condition.
If you enter a write memory or copy running- config startup- config command, then port security
with sticky MAC addresses saves dynamically learned MAC addresses in the startup- config file
and the port does not have to learn addresses from ingress traffic after bootup or a restart.
Since the maximum number of MAC addresses has been configured to 1, only host A will be able
to send frames on interface fa 0/1, making choice C correct.

QUESTION 5
A university has a small campus in which 25 faculty members are located. The faculty offices and
student computers are currently on the same network. The faculty are concerned about students
being able to capture packets going across the network and obtain sensitive material. In order to
protect faculty network traffic from student connections ,which action will you take?

A. Remove the student computers from the network and put them on a peer-to-peer network.
B. Put the faculty computers in a separate VLAN.
C. Power down the switches that connect to faculty computers when they are not in use.
D. Install anti-virus software on the student computers.

Answer: B

QUESTION 6
Running both IPv4 and IPv6 on a router simultaneously is known as dual-stack routing.

A. False
B. True

Answer: B

QUESTION 7
You are a network administrator. You configure a workgroup switch with all ports assigned to
VLAN 2. And you configure all ports as full-duplex FastEthernet. What is the effect of adding
switch ports to a new VLAN on this switch?

A. The additions will create more collisions domains.
B. IP address utilization will be more efficient.
C. The possibility that switching loops will occur will increase dramatically.
D. An additional broadcast domain will be created.

Answer: D

Explanation:
A VLAN is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were
attached to the same wire, regardless of their physical location. A VLAN has the same attributes
as a physical LAN, but it allows for end stations to be grouped together even if they are not located
on the same LAN segment.
Networks that use the campus-wide or end-to-end VLANs logically segment a switched network
based on the functions of an organization, project teams, or applications rather than on a physical
or geographical basis. For example, all workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup
can be connected to the same VLAN, regardless of their physical network connections or
interaction with other workgroups. Network reconfiguration can be done through software instead
of physically relocating devices.
Cisco recommends the use of local or geographic VLANs that segment the network based on IP
subnets. Each wiring closet switch is on its own VLAN or subnet and traffic between each switch is
routed by the router. The reasons for the Distribution Layer 3 switch and examples of a larger
network using both the campus-wide and local VLAN models will be discussed later.
A VLAN can be thought of as a broadcast domain that exists within a defined set of switches.
Ports on a switch can be grouped into VLANs in order to limit unicast , multicast, and broadcast
traffic flooding. Flooded traffic originating from a particular VLAN is only flooded out ports
belonging to that VLAN, including trunk ports, so a switch that connects to another switch will
normally introduce an additional broadcast domain.

QUESTION 8
Which technology helps prevent frames from looping continuously through this switched network?

A. EIGRP
B. VTP
C. STP
D. ARP

Answer: C

QUESTION 9
What ports on Sw-AC3 are operating as trunks?(Choose three)

Sw-AC3#show int trunk

A. Fa0/1
B. Fa0/9
C. Fa0/12
D. Fa0/3

Answer: B,C,D

QUESTION 10
You are a network administrator. You want to add a line to an access list that will block only Telnet
access by the hosts on subnet 192.168.1.128/28 to the server at 192.168.1.5. To accomplish this
task, what command should be used?

A. access-list 101 denyip 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.15 192.168.1.5 0.0.0.0 eq 23
access-list 101 permit ip any any
B. access-list 1 denytcp 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.15 host 192.168.1.5 eq 23
access-list 1 permit ip any any
C. access-list 1 denytcp 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.255 192.168.1.5 0.0.0.0 eq 21
access-list 1 permit ip any any
D. access-list 101 denytcp 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.15 192.168.1.5 0.0.0.0 eq 23
access-list 101 permit ip any any

Answer: D

Explanation:
Only choice specifies the correct TCT port and wildcard mask, and uses a valid access list number.

Incorrect Answers:
A: IP is specified as the protocol, when it should be TCP.
B: Access list 1 is used for these choices, which is a standard access list. In this example, an
extended access list is required. Choice C also specifies port 21, which is used by FTP not Telnet.
C: Access list 1 is used for these choices, which is a standard access list. In this example, an
extended access list is required. Choice C also specifies port 21, which is used by FTP not Telnet.

QUESTION 11
Refer to the exhibit. What will be the result of issuing the following commands?
Switch1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/5
Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access
Switch1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 30

A. The VLAN will not be added to the database, but the VLAN 30 information will be passed on as
a VLAN to theSwitch2 VLAN database.
B. The VLAN will not be added to the database, nor will the VLAN 30 information be passed on as
a VLAN to theSwitch2 VLAN database.
C. The VLAN will be added to the database and VLAN 30 will be passed on as a VLAN to add to
theSwitch2 VLAN database.
D. The VLAN will be added to the database, but the VLAN information will not be passed on to
theSwitch2 VLAN database.

Answer: D

Explanation:
The three VTP modes are described below:
Server: This is the default for all Catalyst switches. You need at least one server in your VTP
domain to propagate VLAN information throughout the domain. The switch must be in server
mode to be able to create, add, or delete VLANs in a VTP domain. You must also change VTP
information in server mode, and any change you make to a switch in server mode will be
advertised to the entire VTP domain.
Client: In client mode, switches receive information from VTP servers; they also send and receive
updates, but they can’t make any changes. Plus, none of the ports on a client switch can be added
to a new VLAN before the VTP server notifies the client switch of the new VLAN. Here’s a hint: if
you want a switch to become a server, first make it a client so that it receives all the correct VLAN
information, then change it to a server-much easier!
Transparent: Switches in transparent mode don’t participate in the VTP domain, but they’ll still
forward VTP advertisements through any configured trunk links. These switches can’t add and
delete VLANs because they keep their own database-one they do not share with other switches.
Transparent mode is really only considered locally significant.
In our example, the switch is configured for transparent mode. In transparent mode the local
VLAN information can be created but that VLAN information will not be advertised to the other
switch.

QUESTION 12
S0/0 on R1 is configured as a multipoint interface to communicate with R2 and R3 in the hub-andspoke
Frame Relay topology shown in the exhibit. Originally, static routes were configured
between these routers to successfully route traffic between the attached networks. What will need
to be done in order to use RIP v2 in place of the static routes?

A. Change the 172.16.2.0/25 and 172.16.2.128/25subnetworks so that at least two bits are
borrowed from the last octet.
B. Configure the noip subnet-zero command on R1, R2, and R3.
C. Configure the s0/0 interface on R1 as two sub interfaces and configure point-to-point links toR2 and R3.
D. Dynamic routing protocols such as RIP v2 cannot be used across Frame Relay networks.

Answer: C

QUESTION 13
An access list has been designed to prevent HTTP traffic from the Accounting Department from
reaching the HR server attached to the Holyoke router. Which of the following access lists will
accomplish this task when grouped with the e0 interface on the Chicopee router?

A. denytcp 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 eq 80 permit ip any any
B. permitip any any deny tcp 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 eq 80
C. permitip any any deny tcp 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 eq 80
D. denytcp 172.17.17.252 0.0.0.0 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.255 eq 80 permit ip any any

Answer: A

QUESTION 14
Which three benefits are of VLANs? (Choose three.)

A. They can enhance network security.
B. They allow logical grouping of users by function.
C. They simplify switch administration.
D. They increase the number of broadcast domains while decreasing the size of the broadcast
domains.

Answer: A,B,D

Explanation:
VLANs are used to segment a LAN into multiple, smaller LANs. This can be used to enhance
security as local traffic from one VLAN will not be passed to users in other VLANS.

QUESTION 15
A network administrator would configure port security on a switch, why?

A. to prevent unauthorized Telnet from accessing to a switch port
B. to protect the IP and MAC address of the switch and associated ports
C. to prevent unauthorized hosts from accessing the LAN
D. to block unauthorized access to the switch management interfaces over common TCP ports

Answer: C

Explanation:
You can use the port security feature to restrict input to an interface by limiting and identifying
MAC addresses of the stations allowed to access the port. When you assign secure MAC
addresses to a secure port, the port does not forward packets with source addresses outside the
group of defined addresses. If you limit the number of secure MAC addresses to one and assign a
single secure MAC address, the workstation attached to that port is assured the full bandwidth of
the port.
If a port is configured as a secure port and the maximum number of secure MAC addresses is
reached, when the MAC address of a station attempting to access the port is different from any of
the identified secure MAC addresses, a security violation occurs. Also, if a station with a secure
MAC address configured or learned on one secure port attempts to access another secure port, a
violation is flagged.
Reference:
https://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/products_configuration_guide_chapter0
9186a00800d6a38.html#86378

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10 Most Hated Jobs

Posted on September 18, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in Career, CCIE, CCNA, CCNP, Cisco, Tech

At one time or another, we have all known at least one person who has hated his or her job. That person may have suffered silently or vented constantly, but at the end of the day there was no question this person was truly unhappy with where they spent at least 40 of his or her waking hours every week, for 51 weeks a year Cisco CCNA Certification 640-802 Exam Training.

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The reasons for job dissatisfaction vary. Low pay, irregular hours, and lack of a window seat are all assumed to be culprits, and to be sure they can all contribute to a bad attitude on the job. These are actually not the primary factors driving a worker to regard tomorrow morning at 9 o’clock sharp with dread and ill will, however, according to one resource.

CareerBliss is an online resource that bases job satisfaction on multiple factors, including workplace culture, coworkers, and the boss.

According a survey of hundreds of thousands of employees conducted in 2011, CareerBliss determined the 10 most hated jobs, rated on a scale of 1 to 10. In almost all cases, respondents reported that the factors causing the most job dissatisfaction were not lousy pay or a desk near the bathroom. CareerBliss found that limited growth opportunities and lack of reward drove the misery index up more than anything else.

Read about the 10 jobs with the highest levels of employee unhappiness. The results may surprise you.

1. Director of Information Technology
For all the press that teachers and nurses get for their long hours, low pay and thankless tasks, it may be surprising to see the most hated job was that of information technology director, according to CareerBliss. After all, the salary’s pretty good and with information technology such a prevalent part of everyday business, an IT director can hold almost as much sway over the fate of some companies as a chief executive.

Still, IT directors reported the highest level of dissatisfaction with their jobs, far surpassing that of any waitress, janitor, or bellhop. Of those who responded to the survey, one simple, five-word response summed up the antipathy very well: “Nepotism, cronyism, disrespect for workers.”

2. Director of Sales and Marketing
A director of sales and marketing plans implements efforts to promote companies and generate business. Responsibilities often include budget management, public relations, and employee training.

Sales and marketing directors reported the second-highest level of job dissatisfaction of all survey respondents. The majority who responded negatively cited a lack of direction from upper management and an absence of room for growth as the main sources of their ire.

3. Product Manager
“Product manager” is a wide-ranging job title that takes on many meanings, depending on the company and its sector. In some cases, the job requires simply evaluating what products are best suited to a company’s business model, and in others marketing, resource management, and scheduling are involved.

The level of job dissatisfaction was very high for this position. One respondent complained that it restricted growth, saying that it was “very hard to grow up the ranks.” Another was less polite and said “the work is boring and there’s a lot of clerical work still at my level.”

4. Senior Web Developer
Senior web developers design, maintain, and develop applications for the Internet. With every business expected to have some kind of Internet presence these days, developers are found working in every type of company, in a full-time, part-time, or freelance capacity.

A senior developer is expected to be fluent in client-side and server-side contexts, and know his or her way around Python, Ruby, or whatever other arcane technology requires taming. Senior developers reported a high degree of unhappiness in their jobs, attributable to a perception their employers are unable to communicate coherently, and lack an understanding of the technology.

[Click here to find an online degree program]

5. Technical Specialist
A technical specialist “leads the analysis, definition, design, construction, testing, installation, and modification of medium to large infrastructures,” according to CareerBliss. This means that if a company wants to design a project, the technical specialist evaluates it to see what’s possible and what isn’t.

The job is a lead position that requires intimate knowledge of engineering; familiarity with Linux helps, too. However, technical specialists reported that for all their expertise, they were treated with a palpable level of disrespect. They cited a “lack of communication from upper management” and felt their “input was not taken seriously.”

6. Electronics Technician
Electronics technicians maintain, troubleshoot and collect monthly measurement data for electronic systems. They work in every sector and can be employed with the phone company, a chain of fast-food restaurants, or the U.S. Navy. Whatever the case, technicians work on-site and off-site, have constant contact with clients, and must have an ability to quickly solve complex technical problems under intense pressure.

Employee dissatisfaction in this job is attributable to several factors. One respondent complained of having “too little control,” while another had a litany of complaints: “Work schedule, lack of accomplishment, no real opportunity for growth, peers have no motivation to work hard, no say in how things are done, hostility from peers towards other employees.”

7. Law Clerk
Clerkships are among the most highly sought-after positions in the legal profession. A law clerk assists judges as they write opinions, and the ones who get the job are almost always near the top of their class at law school. Six justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, including Elena Kagan and current Chief Justice John Roberts, were all law clerks early in their careers.

The job clearly beefs up a resume. Yet law clerks still report high levels of dissatisfaction. The hours are long and grueling, and the clerk is subject to the whims of sometimes mercurial personalities. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also reported the job brings in a median salary of $39,780 a year—not exactly striking it rich—and those looking for advancement within the position simply will not find it.

8. Technical Support Analyst
Technical support analysts help people with their computer issues. This typically amounts to calmly communicating technical advice to panicked individuals, often over the phone, and then going on site to find the client simply hadn’t turned the printer on.

Technical support analysts often work in a variety of environments, and they may be required to travel at a moment’s notice, sometimes on holidays or weekends. After all, there’s no telling when a client’s computer-whiz nephew might make a minor tweak to his machine, with disastrous results.

In the words of one of the respondents, “You can do better, really.”

9. CNC Machinist
CNC machinists operate computer numerical control machines. For the uninitiated, this is a machine that operates a lathe or a mill. On the upside, it renders obsolete processes that used to be performed by hand, at a slow pace and with high risk to the operator’s life and limb.

Now that the CNC operator has had most of the physical hazards of manufacturing replaced by a machine, there’s not a lot to do but push buttons and perform equipment inspections to make sure the coolant is at a safe level. Since it’s a specialized skill, the job offers no room for advancement, which caused respondents to report a high degree of dissatisfaction.

10. Marketing Manager
A marketing manager is responsible for overseeing advertising and promotion. This involves developing strategies to meet sales objectives, based on the study of such factors as customer surveys and market behavior.

According to CareerBliss, respondents in this position most often cited a lack of direction as the primary reason for job dissatisfaction. The most optimistic respondent described it as “tolerable,” and gave it the faintest praise possible by saying, “It’s a job.” (In this labor market, that’s not such a bad thing.)

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Cisco to offer HD video calls through your TV

Posted on September 16, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in Cisco, Tech

Just like in those crazy sci-fi movies

Cisco has announced HD video calls through your television, with the Cisco umi telepresence.

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The technology will use your existing HD television and broadband connection to deliver what Cisco is describing as “the most lifelike, natural video communication experience available to consumers today”.

“This new technology enables consumers to chat with their friends or family on a large screen with the highest resolution possible,” states Cisco’s release.

“Once consumers experience Cisco umi telepresence they will be amazed by the clear, lifelike experience when compared to traditional video conferencing Cisco CCNA Certification 640-802 Exam Training.”

Video growth

The growing popularity of Skype and the widespread availability of broadband connections means that video conferencing and calling is on the up, and Cisco are keen to be at the forefront of the move from the computer to the connected television.

Interestingly, Cisco is the company providing the tech for BT’s controversial Content Connect – a system which allows video traffic to be prioritised through its network, although there is no confirmation that Cisco’s telepresence will take advantage.

This technology creates the experience of being in the same room with friends and family, regardless of their location, insists Cisco.

“From grandparents seeing their grandchildren to sharing engagement news with relatives across the country and recording video birthday messages for loved ones Cisco umi telepresence allows family and friends to be together for everyday occurrences to life’s most important events.”

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Google+ Tips: 4 Tools to Boost Your Social Networking Experience

Posted on September 9, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in Google

Getting the hang of Google+ and looking for more? Check out these four Google+ tools that let you easily upload photos in bulk, find new people to follow, translate posts and more.

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CIO — While rumors continue to swirl about when the Google+ API will be released to developers, that’s not stopping some people from getting in on the Google+ action.

Whether you’re just starting out on Google+ or consider yourself an advanced user, more and more Google+ enhancements and add-ons are popping up across the Web.

Here’s a look at four new ones that do everything from streamlining bulk photo-uploading to helping you increase your network reach.

1. Google+ Photo Importer for iPhone
If you store your photos on multiple sites such as Facebook, Flickr, Instagram or Photobucket, there’s a new download available in the Apple App Store that lets you upload 100 photos in less than a minute to your Google+ account. This tool is especially handy if you plan on shifting your social networking focus to Google+.

The Google Plus Photo Importer by Dropico costs 99 cents, and while uploads I tested generally took longer than the advertised 60 seconds, it was still impressively fast.

10 Google+ tips for Beginners
Google+ Privacy: 5 Settings You Need to Know

2. Find People on Google+
Looking for more connections on Google+? While its own search feature only lets you find people by name, you can dig a bit deeper to find groups of people with certain characteristics at FindPeopleOnPlus.

Here, you can not only search for people by name, but you can also search by profession, location, relationship status, gender, education, employer, occupation and more, which makes growing your network and tailoring it to your needs a lot easier.

You can also choose to add yourself to its directory. This will keep your FindPeopleOnPlus profile updated and in-synch with your Google+ profile.

3. PlusClout
Akin to Klout.com, a site that measures your social media influence, PlusClout measures the influence a user has on Google+ and rates it from 0 to 100.

When you visit the site, PlusClout will ask you to insert your Google+ ID in order to generate your score. Your ID is the string of numbers that appear in the URL of your profile page.

PlusClout says that while its formula is still evolving, right now it calculates your number based on 15 million public Google+ profiles and items shared, such as posts, comments, +1s, the number of followers you have and the frequency and volume of information sharing.

You can also browse people with the highest PlusClout in categories such as bloggers, designers, entrepreneurs and the most-followed users on Google+. Click on any of these names and you will see their current PlusClout score, a graph of their score over the last five days, and websites associated with that person.
4. Google Translate for Google+

If you want to connect with people from around the world but find that language is a barrier, this is a must-download Google Chrome extension.

Google Translate for Google+ is a powerful tool that inserts a button into your Google+ streams, letting you quickly interpret a chunk of foreign text.

Why Do You Need 640-802 Practice Q and A?

Posted on August 31, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in CCNA, Tech

Cisco is the international organization in computer networking that transforms how people communicate and work together. Cisco Company produces and sells electronics goods. Cisco is world recognized organization due to its products quality. Cisco has strong impact on the IT professionals.

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Cisco certification enhance your abilities

Cisco certification is highly valued in IT profession. Holder of Cisco certification can apply for job everywhere in the world. Cisco certification is the name of guarantee. A professional can enhance his/her capabilities and can easily improve his/her knowledge and expertise with Cisco certification. Companies are searching for those employees who are well certified and have extra ordinary skills and abilities in their field.
Ensure your reliability

Exam 640-802 is the complex exam connected with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. 640-802exam is a greatest way to evaluate the applicant’s knowledge and abilities in a relevant field of work. Exam 640-802 is the most valued and demanded exam in IT field. To pass this practice exam 640-802 is not so easy but with our assistance you will clear 640-802 in a very first chance. The professionals who want to be skillful in their fields and also have a wish to reach at the peak of capability and success they use different certification exams for this reason. Practice exams 640-802 are genuine certifications that guarantee your employers that you are highly skilled, qualified, and consistent.

You can pass exam in very first attempt

Practice exam comprises all the questions and answers to assist you in passing the real exam with good marks. If you want to be successful in your profession and want to get distinction among other competitors then come and follow our guideline. With our help you can attain your goals very easily by passing 640-802 exam. With our training material we ensure you 100% success in real exam Free MCTS Training and MCTS Online Training .

CCNA Salary

Posted on August 29, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in Career, CCNA, Tech

The CCNA salary range is very similar in nature to the CCNP salary levels, because previous experience, education and other skill sets can play a significant role in the salary you can qualify for. Generally speaking, the Cisco Certified Network Associate pays less than the CCNP designation, and is cited in more junior network IT positions.

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The CCNA salary survey shows that yearly income can more than double, depending on geographic location, the college degrees you have, and other factors.

Let’s look at the 2011 CCNA salary data and see what Cisco IT professionals are getting paid.
USA CCNA Salary Rates

As mentioned, CCNA salary levels in the USA can vary a lot, based on where you live and who you work for. Let’s look at some regions and see the going CCNA salary rates for New York, Dallas and other IT centers in the USA, as reported by Pay Scale:
CCNA Salary New York: Low $43,500 High $123,000

New York is one of the places in the US with the biggest range of salaries for CCNA qualified employees. The top end, at over $123,000 is one of the highest salaries in all of the USA.
CCNA Salary Dallas and Houston

Dallas and Houston are fairly competitive, with salaries in Dallas generally being 5%-10% higher than Houston. Here’s the current CCNA salaries being reported:

Dallas: Low $39,000 High $106,000

Houston: Low $35,000 High $102,000
Atlanta CCNA Salary

The CCNA salary reports from Atlanta suggest the pay is close to Texas, with salaries ranging from $39,000 up to $112,000
Chicago CCNA Salary Levels

If you work in the CCNA salary Chicago data indicates the range to be from $40,000 to $106,000 in 2011, with salary levels growing at 4-5% annually.
CCNA Salary UK Data, Including London

The CCNA salary for the UK is divided into two groups: all of the UK, and everything excluding the London area, because in the London area, CCNA salaries are generally significantly higher.

Looking at the ITJobsWatch site, we see the current CCNA salary rate is £37,000, and if you take all the UK CCNA salary information excluding London, the average rate drops to £35,000.

The average annual salary growth rate averages around 5% for all of the UK, but only about 3% if you exclude the London area.
CCNA Salary Australia – Sydney, Adelaide

The CCNA Salary data for Australia suggests the pay is on par with America, with entry level positions offering around AU$40,000 and senior positions exceeding AU$100,000. Your educations, skills and experience will influence the offers you get, along with your geographic location and the employers you target.
CCNA Salary In India

The current CCNA salary rates in India are significantly lower than the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. In fact, many levels of careers in India ask for the CCNA designation, including everything from network engineer to IT Director. Generally speaking, the entry level with little or no experience apart from the CCNA designation will earn you a salary starting around Rs 94,567, according to payscale, and the salary can increase more than 500%, up to Rs 501,923, depending on previous work experience and education.

Generally speaking, if you come from a top school, like Mumbai university, your salary will be higher, even as much as Rs 120,000 for a starting position. Likewise, other schools, like IGNOU can lower your starting salary, down to as little as Rs 60,000.
CCNA Requirements

Here are what you need to do to get your CCNA and qualify for CCNA salary levels, as referenced on Wikipedia:

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) is the certification from Cisco.CCNA certification is a second-level Cisco Career certification. CCNA certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN.

To achieve CCNA certification, one must earn a passing score on Cisco exam #640-802, or combined passing scores on both the ICND1 #640-822 and ICND2 #640-816 exams.

Passing the ICND1 grants one the Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification.

Passing scores are set by using statistical analysis and are subject to change. At the completion of the exam, candidates receive a score report along with a score breakout by exam section and the passing score for the given exam.

Cisco does not publish exam passing scores because exam questions and passing scores are subject to change without notice.

The use of IP, EIGRP, Frame Relay, RIPv2, VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists is all included within the curriculum.

CISCO produce a breakdown of the CCNA topics on their website.

The exams themselves include a mixture of question types including Multiple choice, drag and drop, Testlets and simulations.

Additional CCNA Salary Information

For additional CCNA Salary data, consult the local online job listings, as well as the CCNA salary surveys being published online.

If you want to comment on your knowledge of CCNA salary rates around the world, leave a comment below.
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entry level CCNA salary new york

When a cloud service vanishes: How to protect your data

Posted on August 27, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in Apple, CCIE, CCNA, Google, Microsoft, Tech

Nothing lasts forever, and that includes online services. We look at some dangers in trusting your data to the cloud, and how to prevent problems.

Look for these features

If you’re currently deciding whether to use a specific Web service, it helps to know how it will handle your data and if it can provide you with ways to rescue your data or move the information offsite. There are several things to look for.

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Data is available in open formats for easy download. The best sign that a website or service has the preservation of its users’ data in mind is the ability for users to make a backup copy of their data through the service itself. If there’s no back-end tool for downloading copies of your content, you may be forced to scrape the data manually, so anything that saves you the trouble of having to do so is worth noting. The wiki-creation site Wikia.com, for instance, lets you save whole wikis or individual pages into plain text files either for archiving or offline editing.

Interestingly, Google has been making major strides in this area. When it recently started beta-testing its Google+ social network, it added extensions to allow personal data (contacts, circles, etc.) to be exported via Google Checkout. The real test of such a feature, though, is how useful it’ll be to transport your data into other services.

Data tools are provided by the service or third parties. If you don’t have direct access to your data through the service’s own Web interface, the next best thing is an application that can pull that data for you via one of the service’s APIs. You might have to do some programming on your own to take advantage of those APIs, but it’s a good idea to look around first — someone else out there might well have done that work for you and made the results freely available.
When a cloud service vanishes

Andrew Reichman, principal analyst at Forrester Research, says any service you use should be considered proprietary, even if the provider of the service advertises its own exit strategy. In other words, take any claims about data portability with a hefty chunk of salt. “Even with standards [for data interchange], you are still at the mercy of the administrators and policies of the company operating the equipment on your behalf.”

Terms of service. The ToS for almost any service these days is worded to within an inch of its life, with almost every conceivable aspect of the service’s functionality covered. “Paying close attention to the SLAs [service-level agreements], contracts and penalty structure related to non-performance of SLAs is critical,” says Reichman. “Having an exit strategy, or at least some discussion about what would happen in the event the customer wants to pull out or the vendor cancels service, is an important preliminary step to take, prior to committing to a given vendor.” The fewer details about such things in the ToS, the more wary you should be. (Later in this article, I’ll talk more about what to look for in the ToS.)

George Hamilton, an analyst at Yankee Group, is even more insistent on this point. “Caveat emptor,” he says. “Know how the service provider protects stored data and data in motion, and how it is backed up.”

This is where services can afford to compete most aggressively: by allowing customers more freedom of movement with their data, even if it seems counterintuitive at first to let them leave. “Vendors should sell their functionality, not create lock-in with technology,” says Hamilton, noting that the general movement in the industry is toward open standards of one kind or another.

Reichman, however, disagrees. “The most likely [scenario] is one vendor’s proprietary structure becoming a de-facto standard that other vendors follow,” he says.
Watch for warning signs

Is it possible to tell ahead of time if a service’s plug is about to be pulled? Sometimes the best places to look for signs of that happening are not on the service itself.

The ArchiveTeam Web site maintains a list of sites that are in danger of being shut down or are already dying. If you use a site listed there (under the heading “Watchlist”), it’s probably a good time to think about taking your data elsewhere or, at the very least, backing it up somewhere solid.

Reichman advises looking at the company’s numbers. “You can’t always discover that a potential vendor has financial problems, but some issues can be uncovered with a bit of due diligence in financial statements, if available, or funding history and any news stories about the vendor,” he says. “Rumors of impending acquisitions or divestitures, layoffs or strategy shifts are all signals that there may be trouble looming.”

Both Reichman and Hamilton say there may be few outward warning signs, even financial ones. “Companies in fiscal trouble typically don’t pre-announce that kind of trouble,” notes Hamilton. “You need to be proactive. If they’re a public company, you can see their financials. If not, you should still watch to see if they’re in the news. If you have questions about their viability, don’t use them in the first place.”

That said, again, it’s hard to say no to a particular service if job requirements or peer pressure require you to do so, especially without viable alternatives. For a time it was difficult to spurn Facebook, for instance, despite its lack of data portability and questionable privacy practices — everyone used it. Now that wall of dominance may be crumbling a bit with the appearance of Google+ and the quiet success of LinkedIn.

Other warning signs include:

Declining quality of service. An ongoing, chronic disintegration of the service — “increasing service disruptions or performance issues”, as Hamilton puts it — is a major red flag. He adds to that, “a general lack of responsiveness to calls or emails.”

Declining third-party support. Sites with APIs typically develop a culture of third-party apps — image uploaders for photo-hosting sites, for instance, or applications that integrate directly into the service, such as Facebook’s massive roster of games. If development of such applications has fallen off, that could be a sign the service is losing its user base. If the pace slackens not because of market saturation (you can only have so many photo uploaders) but because of genuine programmer alienation — to the point where word filters out into the general user community — that’s a bad sign.

Changes in terms of service or arbitrary behaviors. Many people leave a Web service behind not because the service itself is endangered, but because of things the service has done. A common reason for this is changes to the terms of service, which can spark a massive user backlash. It doesn’t help that terms of service are all too often pools of mud, where the implications of any changes are unclear unless spelled out with total precision. Think of the recent flap over DropBox’s clause indicating it would turn files over to the government if asked — which forced the company to add wording to the effect that your stuff remains yours and they won’t mess with it unless they have no other choice. (In its own words: “These Terms do not grant us any rights to your stuff or intellectual property except for the limited rights that are needed to run the Services.”)

Different folks have different thresholds of tolerance for such things, so what ticks off your neighbor may not seem as egregious to you. But if you hear about such a thing happening with a service you use, pay attention, and give the ToS a fresh read whenever you’re asked to reconfirm your acceptance.

Inspector Gadgets: Windows 7 Gadgets for Monitoring Your PC

Posted on August 20, 2011 by Lindsay Posted in CCIE, CCNA, CCNP, Cisco, Microsoft, Tech, Windows

It’s been nearly two years since Windows 7 was released, and yet there are still some features that Windows 7 users may not be taking full advantage of — such as desktop gadgets. Similar to the Mac’s Dashboard Widgets, Windows desktop gadgets are mini-applications that reside on your desktop and can display live data, perform simple functions like search or password generation, or give you a sneak peek inside the inner workings of your PC.

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Brand-specific gadgets

While the focus of this story is on gadgets that everyone can use to get some insight into how their system is working, I’ve also included two great gadgets that require specific hardware or software to work: the gadget that’s included with Symantec’s (SYMC) Norton Internet Security software and the Intel Core Series gadget for looking at certain Intel (INTC) processors.

Norton Internet Security gadget

Symantec’s Norton gadget is among the most colorful. When the software is up to date and Internet bad guys are kept at bay, there’s a prominent green banner across the top of the gadget that says “Secure.” You’ll immediately know that something is amiss if, for instance, your version of the software is out of date, because the banner turns red and says “At Risk.”

Below the banner are icons that lead to the four major elements of the security suite. You can see details about the system’s current security status, discover what other members of your family have been doing online (the software keeps tabs on other computers on your network that share your Norton Internet Security license), check if your backups are up to date and find out if a website is safe before clicking to it.

There’s no download link for the Norton gadget: The only way to get it is to buy Norton Internet Security (regularly $70; now on sale for $50).

Intel Core Series

By contrast, the Core Series gadget is available online and can tell you a lot about your system’s processor — but only if it’s a recent Intel CPU.

The gadget wasn’t written by Intel, but it does a great job of interrogating Intel processors. (AMD (AMD) has a similar system monitoring program, but it’s a full Windows 7 application, not a gadget.)

Like System Control A1, the Core Series gadget monitors up to eight processing threads (rather than cores, as it says), but it’s valuable information nonetheless. It adds a handy overall CPU Usage rating and a graph below. If you add the WinRing0 software, which Core Series can download for you, the gadget can display the chip’s actual clock speed as well.

You can choose a color scheme for the gadget and tell it what to include in the graph along the bottom: individual threads, all the operating threads, core temperature, or temperature and threads together. You can’t resize it, though, which is a problem because the graph is rather crowded.