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Cisco CCNP / BSCI Exam Tutorial: The Passive Interface Command And OSPF

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To pass the BSCI exam and become a CCNP, you have to be aware of the proper use of passive interfaces. You learned about passive interfaces in your CCNA studies, but here we’ll review the basic concept and clear up one misconception regarding passive interfaces and OSPF.

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Configuring an interface as passive will still allow the interface to receive routing updates, but the interface will no longer transmit them. While the command itself would make you think this command will be applied at the interface level, that is not the case. Below, we’ll configure ethernet0 as a RIP passive interface.

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#passive-interface ethernet0

Ethernet0 will no longer send RIP routing updates, but will accept them.

The passive interface concept is clear enough with RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP – all protocols that send routing update packets. But OSPF doesn’t send routing update packets – OSPF sends link state advertisements. It’s the inability of the passive interface command to stop LSAs that lead many to think that passive interfaces cannot be used with OSPF.

Even though OSPF does not sent “routing updates” in the form that RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP do, you can still configure an OSPF-enabled interface as passive in order to prevent OSPF traffic from exiting or entering that interface. No OSPF adjacency can be formed if one of the interfaces involved is a passive interface, and if you configure an OSPF-enabled interface as passive where an adjacency already exists, the adjacency will drop almost immediately.

Let’s see that in action. R1 and R2 have an existing OSPF adjacency over their Ethernet interfaces. In an effort to reduce routing traffic, R1’s e0 interface is configured as passive. The adjacency drops right away.

R1(config)#router ospf 1

R1(config-router)#passive-interface ethernet0

18:31:11: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 2.2.2.2 on Ethernet0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached

Knowing how to use the passive interface command is a vital part of being a CCNP, and of being a master networker. Good luck to you in both of these pursuits!

You learned what a passive interface is in your CCNA studies, but that’s not all there is to it! Learn how to apply a passive interface and how it relates to OSPF from Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933.

Cisco CCNA Certification: How And Why Switches Trunk

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Your CCNA studies are going to include quite a bit of information about switches, and for good reason. if you don’t understand basic switching theory, you can’t configure and troubleshoot Cisco switches, either on the CCNA exam or in the real world. That goes double for trunking!

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Trunking is simply enabling two or more switches to communicate and send frames to each other for transmission to remote hosts. There are two major trunking protocols that we need to know the details of for exam success and real-world success, but before we get to the protocols, let’s discuss the cables we need.

Connecting two Cisco switches requires a crossover cable. As you know, there are eight wires inside an ethernet cable. In a crossover cable, four of the cables “cross over” from one pin to another. For many newer Cisco switches, all you need to do to create a trunk is connect the switches with a crossover cable. For instance, 2950 switches dynamically trunk once you connect them with the right cable. If you use the wrong cable, you’ll be there a while!

There are two different trunking protocols in use on today’s Cisco switches, ISL and IEEE 802.1Q, generally referred to as “dot1q”. There are three main differences between the two. First, ISL is a Cisco-proprietary trunking protocol, where dot1q is the industry standard. (Those of you new to Cisco testing should get used to the phrases “Cisco-proprietary” and “industry standard”.) If you’re working in a multivendor environment, ISL may not be a good choice. And even though ISL is Cisco’s own trunking protocol, some Cisco switches run only dot1q.

ISL also encapsulates the entire frame, increasing the network overhead. Dot1q only places a header on the frame, and in some circumstances, doesn’t even do that. There is much less overhead with dot1q as compared to ISL. That leads to the third major difference, the way the protocols work with the native vlan.

The native vlan is simply the default vlan that switch ports are placed into if they are not expressly placed into another vlan. On Cisco switches, the native vlan is vlan 1. (This can be changed.) If dot1q is running, frames that are going to be sent across the trunk line don’t even have a header placed on them; the remote switch will assume that any frame that has no header is destined for the native vlan.

The problem with ISL is that is doesn’t understand what a native vlan is. Every single frame will be encapsulated, regardless of the vlan it’s destined for.

Switching theory is a big part of your CCNA studies, and it can seem overwhelming at first. Just break your studies down into smaller, more manageable parts, and soon you’ll see the magic letters “CCNA” behind your name!

Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Loopback Interfaces

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As a CCNA candidate, you most likely have some background in PC hardware and workstation support. If so, you’re already familiar with loopback interfaces, particularly 127.0.0.1, the loopback address assigned to a PC.

When you’re learning all about the different physical interfaces for your CCNA exam – serial, ethernet, and BRI, among others – there’s one logical interface you need to know about, and that is – you guessed it! – the loopback interface.

What isn’t as immediately apparent is why we use loopback interfaces on routers and switches to begin with. Many of the Cisco router features that can use loopbacks are intermediate and advanced features that you’ll learn about in your CCNP and CCIE studies, but these features all come back to one basic concept: If the loopback interface on a router is down, that means the router is unavailable as a whole.

In contrast, a physical interface being down does not mean the router itself is out of commission. A router’s ethernet port can go down, but the other physical interfaces on that router are still operational. Since a loopback interface is logical, there’s nothing physical that can go wrong with it.

As I mentioned, you’ll learn different Cisco router and switch features that utilize loopback interfaces as you climb the Cisco certification ladder. There’s one misconception about Cisco loopback interfaces that you want to get clear on now, though. You’re probably familiar with loopback interfaces on a PC, and may even know that the address range 127.0.0.0 is reserved for loopback addressing.

Note that this reserved address range does not apply to loopbacks on Cisco devices, however. If you attempt to assign an address from this range to a Cisco loopback interface, you get this result:

R1#conf t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R1(config)#interface loopback0

R1(config-if)#ip address 127.0.0.2 255.255.255.0

Not a valid host address – 127.0.0.2

R1(config-if)#ip address 127.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

Not a valid host address – 127.1.1.1

The range 127.0.0.0 is reserved for host loopbacks (such as PCs), not routers or switches. The most commonly used address from this range is 127.0.0.1 – if you can’t ping that on a workstation, that means you can’t ping yourself, which means there’s a problem with the TCP/IP install itself.

Keep these details in mind on the exam and in the workplace, and you’re on your way to CCNA exam success!

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Cisco CCNA / CCNP Certification: Deciphering Ping Results

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As you study for your CCNA and CCNP exams, particularly if you’re getting hands-on practice in your home lab or rack rental service, you’re going to be sending a lot of pings. As a CCNA or CCNP candidate, you know that five exclamation points (!!!!!) as a ping return indicates that you have IP connectivity to the remote destination. Five periods (…..) indicates that you do not have that connectivity.

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It’s not enough to know that you don’t have IP connectivity to the remote device, you’ve got to know why. Ping is a great first step to network troubleshooting, but the results are quite limited. As a CCNA and CCNP, you’ve got to know how to diagnose the problem and resolve it. Just looking at the routing table is not enough – a high-powered Cisco debug, debug ip packet, can often show you exactly where the problem is.

WARNING: debug ip packet should not be run on any production router without understanding the effect of this command on your router. This command results in a lot of output and can actually lock up a router.

In this case, we’ll run the command on a home lab router that cannot ping 22.2.2.2. The debug will be turned on and another ping sent.

R1#debug ip packet

IP packet debugging is on

R1#ping 22.2.2.2

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 22.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:

3d23h: IP: s=1.1.1.1 (local), d=22.2.2.2, len 100, unroutable.

R1#undebug all

All possible debugging has been turned off

I’ve edited this output for clarity; the important word is “unroutable”. This indicates that the packet is not leaving the router because there is no match in the routing table for this destination. We’ll configure a static default route and send the ping again.

R1#ping 22.2.2.2

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 22.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:

U.U.U

Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

That output may surprise those of you who are used to getting five of the same symbol back whenever you send a ping. We got three “U”s back along with two periods. We’ll now run debug ip packet and send the ping again.

R1#debug ip packet

IP packet debugging is on

R1#ping 22.2.2.2

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 22.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:

3d23h: IP: s=172.12.123.1 (local), d=22.2.2.2 (Serial0), len 100, sending

R1#traceroute 22.2.2.2

Type escape sequence to abort.

Tracing the route to 22.2.2.2

1 172.12.123.2 36 msec 36 msec 36 msec

2 172.12.123.2 !H * !H

R1#undebug all

All possible debugging has been turned off

Again, I’ve edited this output. The key word in this output is “sending”, meaning that the packets are leaving the router. The ping return of “U.U.U” is a general indication that the packets are indeed being transmitted, but that a downstream router is having a problem routing the packets. Running traceroute reveals some more interesting return characters! In this case, the downstream router did not have a match for the destination in its routing table.

It’s easy to concentrate on the local router when you’re not getting positive ping returns. When troubleshooting this kind of issue, keep in mind the problem could be on an intermediate router and not on the local router. Use debug ip packet to make sure the packets are leaving the local router, and traceroute to determine what downstream router may have the problem. And get used to the fact that pings and traceroutes can give you some unusual-looking returns!

CCNA, CCNP, and CCENT Cisco Practice Exam – Radius, OSPF, and More!

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Test your knowledge of important Cisco CCNA certification exam topics with these practice exam questions!

CCNA:
Short answer: What do the letters “IA” indicate in an OSPF routing table?
Answer: “IA” indicates an inter-area route – a route to a destination in another OSPF area.

CCNP / BSCI:
Short answer: Cisco OSPF design guidelines suggest a router have no more than ____________ neighbors.
Answer: Cisco suggests a single OSPF-enabled router have no more than 60 neighbors.

CCNP / BCMSN:
Short answer: Identify and briefly describe the dot1x port authentication modes.
Answer: The dot1x port authentication modes are auto, force-authorized (the default), and force-unauthorized. Force-authorized means the port is always authorized; force-unauthorized means the port can never be authorized; ports in auto transmit EAP packets and become authorized only when the authentication server allows it.

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CCNP / ISCW:
Identify the true statements.
A. RADIUS considers each “A” in AAA to be a separate process.
B. TACACS+ considers each “A” in AAA to be a separate process.
C. TACACS+ is capable of encrypting the entire packet.
D. RADIUS is capable of encrypting the entire packet.

Answer: B, C. RADIUS actually combines the authentication and authorization processes, making it very difficult to run one but not the other. Also, While TACACS+ encrypts the entire packet, RADIUS encrypts only the password in the initial client-server packet.

CCNP / ONT:
What are the four pre-defined priority levels in WiFi Multimedia?
Answer: Platinum (for voice), Gold (for video), Silver (for everything else – best-effort), and Bronze (background traffic).

Look for more Cisco CCNA certification practice exam questions on my website and this one, including new questions for the CCNA Security, Wireless, and Voice exams!

CCNA 2009 & 2010

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Cisco Certified Network Associate CCNA validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size route and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. CCNA Certification curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This new curriculum also includes (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs).

Potential students are looking to kick off a career in IT usually haven’t a clue what direction is best, let alone what area to build their qualifications around. Scanning a list of IT job-titles is a complete waste of time. Most of us have no concept what the neighbours do for a living – so what chance do we have in understanding the subtleties of any specific IT role. The key to answering this predicament appropriately lies in an in-depth chat, covering several areas:

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If your preparing for career change and looking for MCITP Training the best online training provider that provide the all the and complete CCIE labs CCIE and CCNA training in just one package, testkingdom self study training kits, save your money on bootcamps, training institutes, It’s also save your traveling and time. All training materials are “Guaranteed” to pass your exams and get you certified on the fist attempt, due to best training they become no1 site 2009 & 2010.

CCNA Essential

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Cisco is one of the leader companies offering professional certifications, which are highly recognized in the industry as excellent qualifications for an employee. Earning a Cisco certification means that you have a good grasp of the technology and most importantly you are competent to design and implement Cisco solutions and products. The Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNA certification is the entry level qualification and is very popular among junior engineers. To pass CCNA you need a high quality training and dedication towards your goal.

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There are several training options available for CCNA preparation, such as self-study via books, instructor based training (boot camp style), video training, simulation exams etc. From my own experience when studying for my Cisco exams, and also from discussions with other certified colleagues, one of the best ways to study for CCNA is using a CCNA Video Training package. Especially when you combine a video training package with exam practice questions, you will have a complete preparation method for passing your exam. A video training package includes DVD quality videos with a real instructor teaching the course and guiding you through the CCNA exam objectives to help you pass.

Studying Ccna Practice Questions For Your Exam

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Cisco certification inc. offers associate level of networking exam called CCNA 350-029 dumps. CCNA 640-802 dumps stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. It is considered to be one the worlds most valuable certification due to its diversity and complexity. After successful completion of CCNA candidates acquire enough skills of networking maintenance and trouble shooting of a medium size enterprise.


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CCNA 640-816 dumps consists of following different types of questions.
1. Multiple Choice Questions
Here out of many choices only one is correct. There is a single answer to every question.
2. Multiple Choice Questions
Here out of many choices multiple choices may be correct contrary to above.
3. Drag & Drop
Here you are supposed to drag the correct option and drop it to its appropriate place.
4. Fill In The Blanks
In this portion you are required to fill in the required spaces with words or phrases.
5. Lab Simulations
A decent portion of the exam is regarding working in a simulated Cisco command line console where you are required to configure different router/switch scenarios like setting an ip address, routing protocol, or troubleshooting a connection issue. So it is advisable to gain Cisco IOS command console before attempting the exam.
6. Where Can One Find Practice Questions?
Today finding a reliable practice test to cover all the question types mentioned above can be very difficult. A good practice test will cover all the core exam topics for the current CCNA 642-832 dumps in the same way as you are supposed to be sitting in the actual CCNA Exam. The best solution is either to search them online or ask to the experts of CCNA certification. They will surely guide you towards right direction. You could always get yourself a reliable study guide as well, that will normally have the names or links to resources from where you can find a good practice test.