CCNP ROUTE 642-902 Official Certification Guide
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction:
Part I Perspectives on Network Planning
Chapter 1 Planning Tasks for the CCNP Exams 3
Part II EIGRP
Chapter 2 EIGRP Overview and Neighbor Relationships 19
Chapter 3 EIGRP Topology, Routes, and Convergence 57
Chapter 4 EIGRP Route Summarization and Filtering 97
Part III OSPF
Chapter 5 OSPF Overview and Neighbor Relationships 137
Chapter 6 OSPF Topology, Routes, and Convergence 175
Chapter 7 OSPF Route Summarization, Filtering, and Default Routing 221
Chapter 8 OSPF Virtual Links and Frame Relay Operations 257
Part IV Path Control
Chapter 9 Basic IGP Redistribution 289
Chapter 10 Advanced IGP Redistribution 329
Chapter 11 Policy-Based Routing and IP Service Level Agreement 363
Part V BGP
Chapter 12 Internet Connectivity and BGP 387
Chapter 13 External BGP 419
Chapter 14 Internal BGP and BGP Route Filtering 455
Chapter 15 BGP Path Control 491
Part VI IPv6
Chapter 16 IP Version 6 Addressing 529
Chapter 17 IPv6 Routing Protocols and Redistribution 569
Chapter 18 IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence 607
Part VII Branch Office Networking
Chapter 19 Routing over Branch Internet Connections 647
Part VIII Final Preparation
Chapter 20 Final Preparation 673
Part IX Appendixes
Appendix A Answers to “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes 681
Appendix B Conversion Tables 701
Appendix C Route Exam Updates 705
Index 708
CD-Only Appendixes and Glossary
Appendix D Memory Tables
Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix F Completed Planning Practice Tables
Introduction
Part I Perspectives on Network Planning
Chapter 1 Planning Tasks for the CCNP Exams 3
Perspectives on CCNP Exam Topics Related to Planning 3
CCNP Route Exam Topics That Do Not Require the CLI 4
Impressions on the Planning Exam Topics 5
Relating the Exam Topics to a Typical Network Engineer’s Job 6
A Fictitious Company and Networking Staff 6
The Design Step 7
Implementation Planning Step 7
Verification Planning Step 9
Documenting the Results of the Implementation 10
Summary of the Role of Network Engineer 10
How to Prepare for the Planning Topics on the Exams 10
Planning Preparation: Design Review Table 12
Planning Preparation: Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 12
Create an Implementation Plan Table 13
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 13
Background Information on Implementation and Verification Plans 13
No Single Plan Style 13
Typical Elements in an Implementation Plan 14
Focus for Implementation Plans for CCNP 15
Structured Implementation Planning Methodologies 15
Typical Verification Plan Components 16
Conclusions 16
Part II EIGRP
Chapter 2 EIGRP Overview and Neighbor Relationships 19
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 20
Foundation Topics 23
EIGRP CCNA Review 23
Configuration Review 23
Verification Review 25
Internals Review 29
EIGRP Neighborships 32
Manipulating EIGRP Hello and Hold Timers 32
Preventing Unwanted Neighbors Using Passive Interfaces 36
Controlling Neighborships Using EIGRP Authentication 39
Controlling Neighborships with Static Configuration 43
Configuration Settings That Could Prevent Neighbor Relationships 46
Neighborship over WANs 48
Neighborship on Frame Relay 49
Neighborship on MPLS VPN 50
Neighborship on Metro Ethernet 51
Exam Preparation Tasks 52
Planning Practice 52
Design Review Table 52
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 52
Create an Implementation Plan Table 53
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 53
Review All the Key Topics 55
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 55
Define Key Terms 55
Chapter 3 EIGRP Topology, Routes, and Convergence 57
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 57
Foundation Topics 60
Building the EIGRP Topology Table 60
Seeding the EIGRP Topology Table 60
The Content of EIGRP Update Message 61
The EIGRP Update Process 64
WAN Issues for EIGRP Topology Exchange 65
Building the IP Routing Table 69
Calculating the Metrics: Feasible Distance and Reported Distance 69
EIGRP Metric Tuning 72
Optimizing EIGRP Convergence 78
Fast Convergence to Feasible Successors 78
Converging by Going Active 83
Unequal Metric Route Load Sharing 88
Exam Preparation Tasks 92
Planning Practice 92
Design Review Table 92
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 92
Create an Implementation Plan Table 93
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 94
Review all the Key Topics 94
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 95
Define Key Terms 95
Chapter 4 EIGRP Route Summarization and Filtering 97
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 97
Foundation Topics 101
Route Filtering 101
Filtering by Referencing ACLs 102
Filtering by Referencing IP Prefix Lists 105
Filtering by Using Route Maps 110
Route Summarization 114
Route Summarization Design 114
Configuring EIGRP Route Summarization 120
Auto-summary 124
Default Routes 126
Default Routing to the Internet Router 126
Default Routing Configuration with EIGRP 127
Exam Preparation Tasks 132
Planning Practice 132
Design Review Table 132
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 132
Create an Implementation Plan Table 133
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 134
Review all the Key Topics 134
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 135
Define Key Terms 135
Part III OSPF
Chapter 5 OSPF Overview and Neighbor Relationships 137
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 137
Foundation Topics 140
OSPF Review 140
OSPF Link State Concepts 140
OSPF Configuration Review 144
OSPF Verification Review 146
OSPF Feature Summary 149
OSPF Neighbors and Adjacencies on LANs 149
Enabling OSPF Neighbor Discovery on LANs 150
Settings That Must Match for OSPF Neighborship 152
OSPF Neighbors and Adjacencies on WANs 162
OSPF Network Types 162
OSPF Neighborship over Point-to-Point Links 163
Neighborship over Frame Relay Point-to-Point Subinterfaces 166
Neighborship on MPLS VPN 166
Neighborship on Metro Ethernet 167
Exam Preparation Tasks 170
Planning Practice 170
Design Review Table 170
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 170
Create an Implementation Plan Table 171
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 172
Review All the Key Topics 173
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 173
Define Key Terms 173
Chapter 6 OSPF Topology, Routes, and Convergence 175
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 175
Foundation Topics 179
LSAs and the OSPF Link State Database 179
LSA Type 1: Router LSA 180
LSA Type 2: Network LSA 186
LSA Type 3: Summary LSA 191
Limiting the Number of LSAs 195
Summary of Internal LSA Types 195
The Database Exchange Process 196
OSPF Message and Neighbor State Reference 196
Exchange Without a Designated Router 197
Exchange with a Designated Router 200
Flooding Throughout the Area 203
Periodic Flooding 204
Choosing the Best OSPF Routes 204
OSPF Metric Calculation for Internal OSPF Routes 205
Metric and SPF Calculations 211
Metric Tuning 212
Exam Preparation Tasks 215
Planning Practice 215
Design Review Table 215
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 215
Create an Implementation Plan Table 216
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 216
Review All the Key Topics 218
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 218
Define Key Terms 218
Chapter 7 OSPF Route Summarization, Filtering, and Default Routing 221
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 221
Foundation Topics 225
Route Filtering 225
Type 3 LSA Filtering 226
Filtering OSPF Routes Added to the Routing Table 230
Route Summarization 231
Manual Summarization at ABRs 232
Manual Summarization at ASBRs 235
Default Routes and Stub Areas 236
Domain-wide Defaults Using the default-information originate
Command 237
Stubby Areas 239
Exam Preparation Tasks 251
Planning Practice 251
Design Review Table 251
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 251
Create an Implementation Plan Table 252
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 253
Review All the Key Topics 253
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 254
Define Key Terms 254
Chapter 8 OSPF Virtual Links and Frame Relay Operations 257
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 257
Foundation Topics 260
Virtual Links 260
Understanding OSPF Virtual Link Concepts 260
Configuring OSPF Virtual Links with No Authentication 262
Verifying the OSPF Virtual Link 264
Configuring Virtual Link Authentication 265
OSPF over Multipoint Frame Relay 267
IP Subnetting Design over Frame Relay 267
OSPF Challenges When Using Multipoint 270
Configuring and Verifying OSPF Operations on Frame Relay 274
Exam Preparation Tasks 283
Planning Practice 283
Design Review Table 283
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 283
Create an Implementation Plan Table 284
Choosing Commands for a Verification Plan Table 285
Review All the Key Topics 285
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 286
Define Key Terms 286
Part IV Path Control
Chapter 9 Basic IGP Redistribution 289
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 289
Foundation Topics 292
Route Redistribution Basics 292
The Need for Route Redistribution 292
Redistribution Concepts and Processes 294
Redistribution into EIGRP 297
EIGRP redistribute Command Reference 297
Baseline Configuration for EIGRP Redistribution Examples 298
Configuring EIGRP Redistribution with Default Metric Components 300
Verifying EIGRP Redistribution 302
Redistribution into OSPF 305
OSPF redistribute Command Reference 305
Configuring OSPF Redistribution with Minimal Parameters 306
Setting OSPF Metrics on Redistributed Routes 310
LSAs and Metrics for External Type 2 Routes 311
Redistributing into OSPF as E1 Routes 318
A Brief Comparison of E1 and E2 Routes 319
External Routes in NSSA Areas 320
Exam Preparation Tasks 324
Planning Practice 324
Design Review Table 324
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 325
Create an Implementation Plan Table 326
Choosing Commands for a Verification Plan Table 326
Review all the Key Topics 327
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 327
Define Key Terms 327
Chapter 10 Advanced IGP Redistribution 329
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 329
Foundation Topics 332
Redistribution with Route Maps and Distribute Lists 332
Overview of Using route-maps with Redistribution 332
Filtering Redistributed Routes with Route Maps 334
Setting Metrics when Redistributing 339
Setting the External Route Type 343
Redistribution Filtering with the distribute-list Command 343
Issues with Multiple Redistribution Points 344
Preventing Routing Domain Loops with Higher Metrics 345
Preventing Routing Domain Loops with Administrative Distance 346
Domain Loop Problems with More than Two Routing Domains 349
Exam Preparation Tasks 358
Planning Practice 358
Design Review Table 358
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 358
Create an Implementation Plan Table 359
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 360
Review all the Key Topics 361
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 361
Define Key Terms 361
Chapter 11 Policy-Based Routing and IP Service Level Agreement 363
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 363
Foundation Topics 366
Policy-Based Routing 366
Matching the Packet and Setting the Route 367
PBR Configuration Example 368
How the default Keyword Impacts PBR Logic Ordering 370
Additional PBR Functions 371
IP Service-Level Agreement 372
Understanding IP SLA Concepts 373
Configuring and Verifying IP SLA 374
Tracking SLA Operations to Influence Routing 378
Exam Preparation Tasks 382
Planning Practice 382
Design Review Table 382
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 382
Create an Implementation Plan Table 382
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 383
Review all the Key Topics 384
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 385
Definitions of Key Terms 385
Part V BGP
Chapter 12 Internet Connectivity and BGP 387
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 388
Foundation Topics 390
The Basics of Internet Routing and Addressing 390
Public IP Address Assignment 391
Internet Route Aggregation 392
The Impact of NAT/PAT 393
Private IPv4 Addresses and Other Special Addresses 394
Introduction to BGP 396
BGP Basics 396
BGP ASNs and the AS_SEQ Path Attribute 397
Internal and External BGP 399
Public and Private ASNs 400
Outbound Routing Toward the Internet 402
Comparing BGP and Default Routing for Enterprises 402
Single Homed 404
Dual Homed 405
Single Multihomed 411
Dual Multihomed 412
Exam Preparation Tasks 414
Planning Practice 414
Design Review Table 414
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 414
Create an Implementation Plan Table 415
Review all the Key Topics 415
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 416
Define Key Terms 416
Chapter 13 External BGP 419
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 419
Foundation Topics 423
External BGP for Enterprises 423
eBGP Neighbor Configuration 423
BGP Internals and Verifying eBGP Neighbors 430
Verifying the BGP Table 436
The BGP Update Message 436
Examining the BGP Table 438
Viewing Subsets of the BGP Table 440
Injecting Routes into BGP for Advertisement to the ISPs 443
Injecting Routes Using the network Command 443
The Effect of auto-summary on the BGP network Command 445
Injecting Routes Using Redistribution 446
Exam Preparation Tasks 449
Planning Practice 449
Design Review Table 449
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 449
Create an Implementation Plan Table 450
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 451
Review all the Key Topics 452
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 452
Define Key Terms 452
Chapter 14 Internal BGP and BGP Route Filtering 455
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 455
Foundation Topics 459
Internal BGP Between Internet-Connected Routers 459
Establishing the Need for iBGP with Two Internet-Connected Routers 459
Configuring iBGP 460
Verifying iBGP 463
Examining iBGP BGP Table Entries 464
Understanding Next-Hop Reachability Issues with iBGP 468
Avoiding Routing Loops when Forwarding Toward the Internet 471
Using an iBGP Mesh 472
IGP Redistribution and BGP Synchronization 475
Route Filtering and Clearing BGP Peers 476
BGP Filtering Overview 476
Inbound and Outbound BGP Filtering on Prefix/Length 478
Clearing BGP Neighbors 481
Displaying the Results of BGP Filtering 483
Exam Preparation Tasks 486
Planning Practice 486
Design Review Table 486
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 487
Create an Implementation Plan Table 487
Choosing Commands for a Verification Plan Table 488
Review all the Key Topics 488
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 489
Definitions of Key Terms 489
Chapter 15 BGP Path Control 491
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 491
Foundation Topics 494
BGP Path Attributes and Best Path Algorithm 494
BGP Path Attributes 494
Overview of the BGP Best Path Algorithm 495
Perspectives on the Core 8 Best Path Steps 498
Memorization Tips for BGP Best Path 499
Influencing an Enterprise’s Outbound Routes 500
Influencing BGP Weight 500
Setting the Local Preference 507
IP Routes Based on BGP Best Paths 513
Increasing the Length of the AS_Path Using AS_Path Prepend 517
Influencing an Enterprise’s Inbound Routes with MED 519
MED Concepts 519
MED Configuration 521
Exam Preparation Tasks 523
Planning Practice 523
Design Review Table 523
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 523
Create an Implementation Plan Table 524
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 525
Review all the Key Topics 526
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 526
Define Key Terms 526
Part VI IPv6
Chapter 16 IP Version 6 Addressing 529
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 529
Foundation Topics 532
Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting 533
Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing 534
Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses 536
Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes 537
Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example 539
Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise 541
Prefix Terminology 543
Assigning IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses 544
Stateful DHCP for IPv6 545
Stateless Autoconfiguration 545
Static IPv6 Address Configuration 549
Survey of IPv6 Addressing 549
Overview of IPv6 Addressing 550
Unicast IPv6 Addresses 550
Multicast and Other Special IPv6 Addresses 553
Layer 2 Addressing Mapping and Duplicate Address Detection 554
Configuring IPv6 Addresses on Cisco Routers 556
Configuring Static IPv6 Addresses on Routers 557
Multicast Groups Joined by IPv6 Router Interfaces 559
Connected Routes and Neighbors 560
The IPv6 Neighbor Table 561
Stateless Autoconfiguration 561
Exam Preparation Tasks 563
Planning Practice 563
Design Review Table 563
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 563
Create an Implementation Plan Table 564
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 564
Review all the Key Topics 565
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 566
Define Key Terms 566
Chapter 17 IPv6 Routing Protocols and Redistribution 569
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 569
Foundation Topics 573
RIP Next Generation (RIPng) 573
RIPng–Theory and Comparisons to RIP-2 574
Configuring RIPng 575
Verifying RIPng 578
EIGRP for IPv6 581
EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6–Theory and Comparisons 581
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 582
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 584
OSPF Version 3 588
Comparing OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 588
Configuring OSPFv3 590
Verifying OSPFv3 592
IPv6 IGP Redistribution 595
Redistributing without Route Maps 596
Redistributing with Route Maps 598
Static IPv6 Routes 599
Exam Preparation Tasks 602
Planning Practice 602
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 602
Create an Implementation Plan Table 602
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 603
Review all the Key Topics 604
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 604
Define Key Terms 604
Chapter 18 IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence 607
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 607
Foundation Topics 611
IPv4 and IPv6 Migration and Coexistence Concepts 611
IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks 611
Tunneling 612
NAT Protocol Translation 617
Static Point-to-Point IPv6 Tunnels 619
Manually Configured Tunnels 620
GRE Tunnels 624
Point-to-Point IPv6 Tunnel Summary 625
Dynamic Multipoint IPv6 Tunnels 626
Automatic 6to4 Tunnels 627
IPv6 ISATAP Tunnels 634
Multipoint IPv6 Tunnel Summary 639
Exam Preparation Tasks 641
Planning Practice 641
Design Review Table 641
Implementation Plan Peer Review Table 642
Create an Implementation Plan Table 642
Choose Commands for a Verification Plan Table 643
Review all the Key Topics 644
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 644
Define Key Terms 644
Part VII Branch Office Networking
Chapter 19 Routing over Branch Internet Connections 647
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 647
Foundation Topics 650
Branch Office Broadband Internet Access 650
Broadband Internet Access Basics 650
Branch Router as DHCP Server and Client 652
Branch Office Security 653
Using IPsec Tunnels 654
Branch Routing for the Small Branch 656
Routing in Medium and Large Branches 657
Branch Router Configuration for Broadband Access 659
Understanding DSL Concepts 659
Configuring DSL 661
Configuring NAT 663
Configuring DHCP Server 664
VPN Configuration 664
Configuring an IPsec VPN 665
Configuring GRE Tunnels 666
Summary–Branch Routing from PC1 to Enterprise Server S1 667
Exam Preparation Tasks 670
Planning Practice 670
Review all the Key Topics 671
Define Key Terms 671
Part VIII Final Preparation
Chapter 20 Final Preparation 673
Tools for Final Preparation 673
Exam Engine and Questions on the CD 673
Install the Software from the CD 674
Activate and Download the Practice Exam 674
Activating Other Exams 675
The Cisco Learning Network 675
Memory Tables 675
Chapter-Ending Review Tools 676
Suggested Plan for Final Review/Study 676
Step 1: Review Key Topics and DIKTA Questions 677
Step 3: Hands-On Practice 677
Step 6: Subnetting Practice 677
Step 7: Use the Exam Engine 678
Summary 679
Part IX Appendixes
Appendix A Answers to “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes 681
Appendix B Conversion Tables 701
Appendix C Route Exam Updates 705
Index 708
CD-Only Appendixes and Glossary
Appendix D Memory Tables
Appendix E Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix F Completed Planning Practice Tables
Glossary
Icons Used in This Book
Scroll Standing
Man
Network Cloud Serial Cable
Router
Line: Ethernet
Firewall Server Multilayer Switch
Workgroup
Switch
VPN Tunnel PC
Command Syntax Conventions
The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions as follows:
■ Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface
indicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command).
■ Italic indicates arguments for which you supply actual values.
■ Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.
■ Square brackets ([ ]) indicate an optional element.
■ Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice.
■ Braces within brackets ([{ }]) indicate a required choice within an optional element.
CCNP ROUTE 642-902 Official Certification Guide is an excellent self-study resource for the CCNP ROUTE exam. Passing this exam is a crucial step to attaining the
valued CCNP Routing and Switching certification. Gaining certification in Cisco technology is key to the continuing educational development of today’s networking professional. Through certification programs, Cisco validates the skills and expertise required to effectively manage the modern enterprise network. Cisco Press Certification Guides and preparation materials offer exceptional—and flexible—access to the knowledge and information required to stay current in your field
of expertise or to gain new skills. Whether used as a supplement to more traditional training or as a primary source of learning, these materials offer users the information
and knowledge validation required to gain new understanding and proficiencies. Developed in conjunction with the Cisco certifications and training team, Cisco Press
books are the only self-study books authorized by Cisco and offer students a series of exam practice tools and resource materials to help ensure that learners fully grasp the
concepts and information presented. Additional authorized Cisco instructor-led courses, e-learning, labs, and simulations are available exclusively from Cisco Learning Solutions Partners worldwide. To learn more, visit https://www.cisco.com/go/training. I hope that you find these materials to be an enriching and useful part of your exam
preparation.
Introduction
This book focuses on one major goal: to help you prepare to pass the ROUTE exam (642-902). To help you prepare, this book achieves other useful goals as well: It explains a wide range of networking topics, shows how to configure those features on Cisco routers, and explains how to determine if the feature is working. As a result, you also can use this book as a general reference for IP routing and IP routing protocols. However, the motivation for this book, and the reason it sits within the Cisco Press Certification Guide series, is that its primary goal is to help you pass the ROUTE exam. The rest of this introduction focuses on two topics: the ROUTE exam and a description of this book.
The CCNP ROUTE Exam
Cisco announced the ROUTE (642-902) exam in January 2010. The term ROUTE does not act as an acronym; instead, the name describes the content of the exam, which focuses on IP routing. Generally, the exam includes detailed coverage of the EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP IP routing protocols, IPv6, and a few other smaller topics related to IP routing. Cisco first announced its initial Professional level certifications in 1998 with the CCNP Routing and Switching certification. CCNP Routing and Switching certification from its inception has included the same kinds of IP routing topics found in today’s ROUTE exam, but the exam names changed over the years. The exam names have tracked the names of the associated Cisco authorized courses for the same topics: Advanced Cisco Router Configuration (ACRC) in the early days, Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) for much of the last 10 years, and now ROUTE, because the newly revised (in 2010) Cisco authorized course also goes by the name ROUTE. Like its ancestors, the ROUTE exam is a part of the certification requirements for several Cisco certifications, as follows:
■ Cisco Certified Networking Professional (CCNP)
■ Cisco Certified Internetworking Professional (CCIP)
■ Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)
Each of these certifications emphasizes different perspectives on some similar topics. CCNP focuses on the skills needed by a network engineer working for an Enterprise–that is, a company that deploys networking gear for its own purposes. CCIP focuses on the skills required by network engineers deploying gear at a service provider, with the service provider then offering network services to customers. Finally, CCDP focuses more on design–but good design requires solid knowledge of the technology and configuration. So, although this book frequently refers to the most popular certification of these three–CCNP–the ROUTE exam does apply to several certifications.
Contents of the ROUTE Exam
Every student who ever takes an exam wants to know what’s on the exam. As with all their exams, Cisco publishes a set of exam topics. These exam topics give general guidance as to what’s on the exam. You can find the exam topics at the Cisco website. The most memorable way to navigate is to go to www.cisco.com/go/ccnp, and look for the ROUTE exam. Also, you can go to the Cisco Learning Network website (www.cisco.com/go/learnnetspace)–a less memorable
URL, but a great Cisco certification site. The Cisco Learning Network site hosts exam information, learning tools, and forums in which you can communicate with others and learn more about this and other Cisco exams. Table I-1 lists the ROUTE exam topics, with a reference to the part of the book that covers
the topic.
Table I-1 ROUTE Exam Topics
Book Part Exam Topic
Implement an EIGRP based solution, given a network design and a set of requirements
II Determine network resources needed for implementing EIGRP on a network
II Create an EIGRP implementation plan
II Create an EIGRP verification plan
II Configure EIGRP routing
II Verify EIGRP solution was implemented properly using show and debug commands II Document results of EIGRP implementation and verification Implement a multi-area OSPF Network, given a network design and a set of requirements
III Determine network resources needed for implementing OSPF on a network
III Create an OSPF implementation plan
III Create an OSPF verification plan
III Configure OSPF routing
III Verify OSPF solution was implemented properly using show and debug commands
III Document results of OSPF implementation and verification plan Implement an eBGP based solution, given a network design and a set of requirements
V Determine network resources needed for implementing eBGP on a network
V Create an eBGP implementation plan
V Create an eBGP verification plan
V Configure eBGP routing
V Verify eBGP solution was implemented properly using show and debug commands
V Document results of eBGP implementation and verification plan
Table I-1 ROUTE Exam Topics
Book Part Exam Topic
Implement an IPv6 based solution, given a network design and a set of requirements
VI Determine network resources needed for implementing IPv6 on a network
VI Create an IPv6 implementation plan
VI Create an IPv6 verification plan
VI Configure IPv6 routing
VI Configure IPv6 interoperation with IPv4
VI Verify IPv6 solution was implemented properly using show and debug commands
VI Document results of IPv6 implementation and verification plan
Implement an IPv4 or IPv6 based redistribution solution, given a network design and a set of requirements
IV, VI Create a redistribution implementation plan based upon the results of the redistribution analysis.
IV, VI Create a redistribution verification plan
IV, VI Configure a redistribution solution
IV, VI Verify that a redistribution was implemented
IV, VI Document results of a redistribution implementation and verification plan
IV, VI Identify the differences between implementing an IPv4 and IPv6 redistribution solution Implement Layer 3 Path Control Solution
IV Create a Layer 3 path control implementation plan based upon the results of the redistribution analysis.
IV Create a Layer 3 path control verification plan
IV Configure Layer 3 path control
IV Verify that a Layer 3 path control was implemented
IV Document results of a Layer 3 path control implementation and verification plan Implement basic teleworker and branch services
VII Describe broadband technologies
VII Configure basic broadband connections
VII Describe basic VPN technologies
VII Configure GRE
VII Describe branch access technologies
How to Take the ROUTE Exam
As of the publication of this book, Cisco exclusively uses testing vendor Pearson Vue (www.vue.com) for delivery of all Cisco career certification exams. To register, go to
www.vue.com, establish a login, and register for the 642-902 ROUTE exam. You also need to choose a testing center near to your home.
Who Should Take This Exam and Read This Book?
This book has one primary audience, with several secondary audiences. First, this book is intended for anyone wanting to prepare for the ROUTE 642-902 exam. The audience includes self-study readers–people who pass the test by studying 100 percent on their own. It includes Cisco Networking Academy students taking the CCNP curriculum, who use this book to round out their preparation as they get close to the end of the Academy curriculum.
The broader question about the audience may well be why you should take the ROUTE exam. First, the exam is required for the aforementioned CCNP, CCIP, and CCDP certifications from Cisco. These certifications exist at the midpoint of the Cisco certification hierarchy. These certifications have broader and deeper technology requirements as compared to the Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician (CCENT) and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certifications.
The real question then about audience for this book–at least the intended audience–is whether you have motivation to get one of these Professional-level Cisco certifications. CCNP in particular happens to be a popular, well-respected certification. CCIP, although less popular in numbers, focuses on topics more important to service providers, so it gives you a good way to distinguish yourself from others looking for jobs at SP companies.
CCDP has been a solid certification for a long time, particularly for engineers who spend a lot of time designing networks with customers, rather than troubleshooting.
Format of the CCNP ROUTE Exam The ROUTE exam follows the same general format as the other Cisco exams. When you get to the testing center and check in, the proctor will give you some general instructions and then take you into a quiet room with a PC. When you’re at the PC, you have a few things to do before the timer starts on your exam—for instance, you can take a sample quiz, just to get accustomed to the PC and to the testing engine. Anyone who has userlevel skills in getting around a PC should have no problems with the testing environment. When you start the exam, you will be asked a series of questions. You answer the question
and then move on to the next question. The exam engine does not let you go back and change your answer. Yes, that’s true—when you move on to the next question,
that’s it for the earlier question.
The exam questions can be in one of the following formats:
■ Multiple choice (MC)
■ Testlet
■ Drag-and-drop (DND)
■ Simulated lab (Sim)
■ Simlet
The first three types of questions are relatively common in many testing environments. The multiple choice format simply requires that you point-and-click on a circle beside the correct answer(s). Cisco traditionally tells you how many answers you need to choose, and the testing software prevents you from choosing too many answers. Testlets are questions with one general scenario, with multiple MC questions about the overall scenario. Drag-and-drop questions require you to left-click and hold, move a button or icon to another area, and release the clicker to place the object somewhere else—typically into a list. So, for some questions, to get the question correct, you might need to put a list of five things into the proper order. The last two types both use a network simulator to ask questions. Interestingly, the two types actually allow Cisco to assess two very different skills. First, Sim questions generally describe a problem, and your task is to configure one or more routers and switches to fix the problem. The exam then grades the question based on the configuration you changed or added. Interestingly, Sim questions are the only questions that Cisco (to date) has openly confirmed that partial credit is given. The Simlet questions may well be the most difficult style of question on the exams. Simlet questions also use a network simulator, but instead of answering the question by changing the configuration, the question includes one or more MC questions. The questions require that you use the simulator to examine the current behavior of a network, interpreting the output of any show commands that you can remember to answer the question. Although Sim questions require you to troubleshoot problems related to a configuration, Simlets require you to both analyze working networks and networks with problems, correlating show command output with your knowledge of networking theory and configuration commands. The Cisco Learn Network (www.cisco.com/go/learnnetspace) website has tools that let
you experience the environment and see how each of these question types work. The environment should be the same as when you passed CCNA (a prerequisite for CCNP, CCIP, and CCDP).
This section lists a general description of the contents of this book. The description includes an overview of each chapter, and a list of book features seen throughout the book. Book Features and Exam Preparation Methods This book uses several key methodologies to help you discover the exam topics on which you need more review, to help you fully understand and remember those details, and to help you prove to yourself that you have retained your knowledge of those topics. So,
this book does not try to help you pass the exams only by memorization, but by truly learning and understanding the topics.
The book includes many features that provide different ways to study to be ready for the test. If you understand a topic when you read it, but do not study it any further, you probably will not be ready to pass the test with confidence. The book features included in this book give you tools that help you determine what you know, review what you know, better learn what you don’t know, and be well prepared for the exam. These tools include
■ “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes: Each chapter begins with a quiz that helps you determine the amount of time you need to spend studying that chapter.
■ Foundation Topics: These are the core sections of each chapter. They explain the protocols, concepts, and configuration for the topics in that chapter.
■ Exam Preparation Tasks: The Exam Preparation Tasks section lists a series of study activities that should be done after reading the Foundation Topics section. Each chapter includes the activities that make the most sense for studying the topics in that chapter.
The activities include — Planning Tables: The ROUTE exam topics includes some perspectives on how an engineer plans for various tasks. The idea is that the CCNP-level engineer in particular takes the design from another engineer, plans the implementation, and plans the verification steps–handing off the actual tasks to engineers working during changewindow hours. Because the engineer plans the tasks, but may not be at the keyboard when implementing a feature, that engineer must master the configuration and verification commands so that the planned commands work for the engineer making the changes off-shift. The planning tables at the end of the chapter give you the chance to take the details in the Foundation Topics core of the chapter and think about them as if you were writing the planning documents.
— Key Topics Review: The Key Topics icon is shown next to the most important items in the Foundation Topics section of the chapter. The Key Topics Review activity lists the Key Topics from the chapter, and page number. Although the contents of the entire chapter could be on the exam, you should definitely know the information
listed in each key topic. Review these topics carefully. — Memory Tables: To help you exercise your memory and memorize some lists of facts, many of the more important lists and tables from the chapter are included in a document on the CD. This document lists only partial information, allowing you to complete the table or list. CD-only Appendix D holds the incomplete tables, and Appendix E includes the completed tables from which you can check your work. — Definition of Key Terms: Although the exams may be unlikely to ask a question such as “Define this term,” the ROUTE exam requires that you learn and know a lot of networking terminology. This section lists the most important terms from the chapter, asking you to write a short definition and compare your answer to the glossary at the end of the book.
■ CD-based practice exam: The companion CD contains an exam engine (from Boson software, www.boson.com), which includes 100 unique multiple-choice questions.
Chapter 20 gives two suggestions on how to use these questions: either as study questions, or to simulate the ROUTE exam.
■ Companion website: The website https://www.ciscopress.com/title/9781587202537 posts up-to-the-minute materials that further clarify complex exam topics. Check
this site regularly for new and updated postings written by the author that provide further insight into the more troublesome topics on the exam. Book Organization
This book contains 20 chapters, plus appendixes. The topics all focus in some way on IP routing and IP routing protocols, making the topics somewhat focused, but with deep coverage on those topics.
The book organizes the topics into seven major parts. Parts 1 and 7 include topics with less technical depth, and Parts 2 through 6 include the major technical topics in the book. The following list outlines the major part organization of this book: Part I: “Perspectives on Network Planning”: This part includes a single chapter:
■ Chapter 1: “Planning Tasks for the CCNP Exams”: This chapter discusses the CCNP ROUTE exam’s perspectives on the planning process, including network
design, implementation plans, and verification plans. Part II: “EIGRP”: This part starts with a CCNA-level EIGRP review and moves through
EIGRP theory, configuration, authentication, route summarization, and more in the following chapters:
■ Chapter 2: “EIGRP Overview and Neighbor Relationships”: This chapter reviews CCNA-level EIGRP topics and then closely examines the concepts, configuration,
and verification of EIGRP neighbor relationships.
■ Chapter 3: “EIGRP Topology, Routes, and Convergence”: This chapter examines the EIGRP topology database and the processes by which EIGRP processes this
data to choose routes. It also examines the convergence process using feasible successors and with the Query process.
■ Chapter 4: “EIGRP Route Summarization and Filtering”:
This chapter discusses the theory behind route summarization and route filtering. It also shows how to configure and verify both features for EIGRP. Part III: “OSPF”: Similar to Part II, this part starts with a CCNA-level OSPF review and moves through OSPF theory, configuration, authentication, metric tuning, default routing,
route filtering, and route summarization, plus OSPF multiarea issues and different stubby area types, as follows:
■ Chapter 5: “OSPF Overview and Neighbor Relationships”: This chapter reviews CCNA-level OSPF topics and then closely examines the concepts, configuration,
and verification of OSPF neighbor relationships.
■ Chapter 6: “OSPF Topology, Routes, and Convergence”: This chapter examines the OSPF topology database for routes internal to OSPF. The chapter also discusses
how OSPF routers choose the best internal OSPF routes and how OSPF converges when a change occurs.
■ Chapter 7: “OSPF Route Summarization, Filtering, and Default Routing”: This chapter discusses the design, configuration, and verification of OSPF route
summarization and route filtering. It also discusses default routes and how to manage the size of the OSPF database and IP routing tables by using stubby areas.
■ Chapter 8: “OSPF Miscellany”: This chapter discusses two additional OSPF topics: OSPF virtual links and OSPF issues when using NBMA networks (such as Frame Relay).
Part IV: “Path Control”: The term path control refers to a wide variety of topics related to IP routing and IP routing protocols. This part examines the path control topics not specifically included in the other parts of the book:
■ Chapter 9: “Basic IGP Redistribution”: This chapter examines the concepts, configuration, and verification of IGP route redistribution. In particular, this chapter
looks at the mechanics of redistribution without the use of route maps for any purpose.
■ Chapter 10: “Advanced IGP Redistribution”: This chapter essentially continues Chapter 9, in this case focusing on the more complex configuration and issues.
In particular, this chapter shows how to manipulate and filter routes at the redistribution function by using route maps, and how to avoid routing loops and inefficient
routes when multiple redistribution points exist.
■ Chapter 11: “Policy Routing and IP Service Level Agreement”: This chapter picks up two small path control topics that simply do not fit into any other broader
chapter in this book: Policy Based Routing (PBR) and IP Service Level Agreement (IP SLA).
Part V: “BGP”: This part assumes no prior knowledge of BGP. It first examines BGP design issues, to give perspective on why BGP works differently than its IGP cousins
OSPF and EIGRP. This part examines basic BGP concepts, configuration, and verification, including the path control functions of incluencing both inbound and outbound BGP routes:
■ Chapter 12: “Internet Connectivity and BGP”: This chapter introduces BGP. It begins with a review of Internet connectivity from a Layer 3 perspective. It then
looks at the basics of how BGP works. It also examines some Internet access design issues, discussing the cases in which BGP can be helpful and the cases in which BGP
has no practical use.
■ Chapter 13: “External BGP”: This chapter examines the configuration and verification of BGP between an Enterprise and its ISP(s).
■ Chapter 14: “Internal BGP and BGP Route Filtering”: This chapter examines the cases in which routers in the same ASN need to become BGP peers, creating an
Internet BGP connection. It also discusses the need for BGP filtering and the mechanics of configuring BGP filtering.
■ Chapter 15: “BGP Path Control”: This chapter discusses the concept of the BGP Best Path Algorithm to choose the best BGP routes and how to influence those
choices. In particular, this chapter shows the basic configuration for BGP weight, Local Preference, AS_Path length, and Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED).
Part VI: “IPv6”: This part assumes no prior knowledge of IPv6. The chapters in this part work through IPv6 addressing and IGP configuration (RIPng, EIGRP for IPv6, and OSPFv3). It also discusses route redistribution for IPv6 and IPv6/IPv4 coexistence mechanisms:
■ Chapter 16: “IP Version 6 Addressing”: This chapter begins with an overview of IP Version 6 (IPv6). It then dives into IPv6 addressing concepts, plus the related
protocols, including address assignment options and neighbor discovery. The chapter shows how to configure and verify IPv6 addresses on Cisco routers.
■ Chapter 17: “IPv6 Routing Protocols and Redistribution”: This chapter introduces three IPv6 IGPs: RIP Next Generation (RIPng), EIGRP for IPv6, and OSPF
Version 3 (OSPFv3). The chapter focuses on basic configuration and verification. It also discusses IPv6 redistribution in comparison with IPv4 IGP redistribution.
■ Chapter 18: “IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence”: This chapter discusses the many options to use during the potentially long migration from a purely IPv4 network to a
future purely IPv6 network. Part VII: “Branch Office Networking”: This short part includes one chapter that
addresses a few small topics related to branch offices that connect to their Enterprise networks using the Internet:
■ Chapter 19: “Routing over Branch Internet Connections”: Branch office routers can be configured to use the Internet as a WAN connection path back to the
rest of an Enterprise network. This chapter takes a wide look at the surprisingly large number of networking functions that must occur on a branch router in such cases. It
also gives examples of configurations for IPsec and GRE tunnels, DHCP server, NAT, and DSL.
Part VIII: “Final Preparation”: This short part includes one chapter as well. This chapter does not include any new technical topics:
■ Chapter 20: “Final Preparation”: This chapter suggests some study strategies for your final preparation before the ROUTE exam. In addition to the core chapters of the book, the book has several appendixes as well. Some appendixes exist in the printed book, whereas others exist in softcopy form on the
CD included with the book.
Appendixes printed in the book include
■ Appendix A, “Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes”: Includes the answers to all the questions from Chapters 2 through 19.
■ Appendix B, “Conversion Tables”: Lists a decimal-to-binary conversion table, decimal values 0 through 255, along with the binary equivalents. It also lists a hex-to-decimal conversion table as well.
■ Appendix C, “CCNP ROUTE Exam Updates: Version 1.0”: Covers a variety of short topics that either clarify or expand upon topics covered earlier in the book.
This appendix is updated from time to time, and posted at https://www.ciscopress.com/title/9781587202537, with the most recent version available
at the time of printing included here as Appendix C. (The first page of the appendix includes instructions on how to check to see if a later version of Appendix
C is available online.) CD Appendixes The appendixes included on the CD-ROM are
■ Appendix D, “Memory Tables”: This appendix holds the key tables and lists from each chapter with some of the content removed. You can print this appendix, and as
a memory exercise, complete the tables and lists. The goal is to help you memorize facts that can be useful on the exams.
■ Appendix E, “Memory Tables Answer Key”: This appendix contains the answer key for the exercises in Appendix D.
■ Appendix F, “Completed Planning Practice Tables”: The end of Chapters 2 through 19 list planning tables that you can complete to help learn the content more deeply.
If you use these tables, refer to this appendix for the suggested answers.
■ Glossary: The glossary contains definitions for all the terms listed in the “Define Key Terms” section at the conclusion of Chapters 2 through 19.
For More Information If you have any comments about the book, you can submit those via the www.ciscopress.
com. Just go to the website, select Contact Us, and type in your message. Cisco might make changes that affect the ROUTE exam from time to time.
You should always check www.cisco.com/go/ccnp for the latest details. This chapter covers the following subjects:
Perspectives on CCNP Exam Topics Related to Planning:
This section outlines the goals of the CCNP certification. How to Prepare for the Planning Topics on the Exams: This section explains what you should know generally about planning in order to be prepared for the exam.Background Information on Implementation and Verification Plans: This short section discusses specific plans, and why there is no one specific plan used for the exam.
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